Gynecomastia surgery can reduce glandular tissue, fatty tissue or both, depending on the individual chest pattern. Like any operation, it has potential complications. Understanding those risks before surgery is part of informed consent and can help patients know which post-operative changes are expected and which deserve prompt review.
How the procedure is planned
Assessment usually starts with a medical history and physical examination. Additional tests are considered selectively when symptoms, medicines, age or examination findings suggest an underlying cause. The surgical plan may involve liposuction, direct gland removal or a combination, with incision placement tailored to the amount and distribution of tissue.
Bleeding and haematoma
A haematoma is a collection of blood that can cause increasing swelling, firmness, bruising or pain. Some haematomas can be observed, while others may require drainage or a return to theatre. Rapidly increasing one-sided swelling after surgery should be reported promptly.
Infection
Infection can occur after surgery. Warning signs may include increasing redness, warmth, worsening tenderness, fever or discharge from an incision. Antibiotics should not be self-started; the treating clinician should assess suspected infection and decide whether antibiotics, drainage or another intervention is appropriate.
Scars and delayed healing
All surgical incisions leave scars. Their final appearance varies with incision location, skin type, healing, tension and individual scar tendency. Some patients may develop widened, raised or darker scars. Scar-care advice should be individualised after the wound has been reviewed.
Asymmetry, contour irregularity and revision
Perfect symmetry cannot be guaranteed. Residual fullness, depressions, contour irregularity, nipple-position differences or uneven healing can occur. Mild differences may settle as swelling resolves, while persistent or significant concerns sometimes require further assessment or revision surgery.
Changes in nipple or chest sensation
Temporary numbness, tingling or altered nipple sensation can occur after tissue removal and swelling. Sensation may improve over time, but persistent changes are possible and should be discussed before surgery.
Other complications to discuss before surgery
Seroma, delayed wound healing, skin or nipple-areola circulation problems, anaesthesia-related complications and dissatisfaction with contour are additional considerations. Risk varies with the extent of surgery, health conditions, smoking or nicotine exposure, medicines and other individual factors.
When to seek review
Contact the treating team promptly for rapidly increasing swelling, persistent bleeding, fever, worsening redness, severe or escalating pain, shortness of breath, wound separation or any symptom specifically identified by the surgeon as a warning sign.
For a broader discussion of candidacy and treatment options, see the main gynecomastia guide. You can review clinician information on About Dr. VJs and use the contact page for individual assessment or follow-up questions.